Njengombukiso wempahla ebalulekile kanye nomkhiqizo wokumaketha emphakathini wanamuhla, imikhiqizo yokubonisa amaphepha inomlando omude uma kuqhathaniswa.Namuhla, ngizokwethula umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo yokupakisha ekhombisa iphepha.
Eqinisweni, abantu baye basungula iphepha iminyaka engu-2,000.Ngaphezu kokuba umthwali obalulekile wokudlulisa ulwazi, iphepha libuye libe nomsebenzi ovelele, okungukuthi, ukupakisha.
Ukupakishwa komkhiqizo wephepha kuwumkhiqizo wokupakisha onephepha kanye ne-pulp njengento eyinhloko eluhlaza.Uhlu lomkhiqizo luhlanganisa iziqukathi zephepha ezifana namabhokisi, amabhokisi, izikhwama zamaphepha, amashubhu wephepha, namathini ephepha;amathreyi amaqanda abunjwe u-pulp, amalayini okupakisha asezimbonini, amathreyi wephepha, Izivikeli zamaphepha zamaphepha nezinye izinto zokupakisha zephepha noma izinto zokupakisha zangaphakathi: amakhadibhodi kathayela, amakhadibhodi wezinyosi namanye amabhodi;namabhokisi esidlo sasemini angamaphepha, izinkomishi zamaphepha, amapuleti ephepha nezinye izinto ezilahlwayo zephepha.Njengoba izinto eziyisisekelo zokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yephepha, iphepha nekhadibhodi elisetshenziselwa ngokukhethekile ukupakisha nakho kungokwesigaba sokupakishwa komkhiqizo wephepha.
Ukwenza amaphepha kwaqala eNtshonalanga Han Dynasty, ngokusho kuka “Hanshu.I-"Biography of Empress Zhao of Xiaocheng" ibhala ukuthi "kunesiqephu somuthi esongwe kubhasikidi kanye nencwadi ebhalwe nguHe hoof".Inothi lika-Ying Shao uthe: “Amanqina nawo mancane futhi anephepha elincane”.Leli irekhodi lokuqala elibhaliwe lephepha e-Western Han Dynasty.Njengoba iphepha eNtshonalanga Han Dynasty laliyivelakancane kakhulu futhi libiza kakhulu ukuthi lisetshenziswe kabanzi ngaleso sikhathi, iziliphu ze-bamboo zikasilika zazisengamathuluzi okubhala ayinhloko ngaleso sikhathi, ngakho-ke kusobala ukuthi iphepha ngaleso sikhathi lalingasetshenziswa ngobuningi. izinto zokupakisha.Kwaze kwaba unyaka wokuqala we-Yuanxing e-Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 105) lapho u-Shangfang eyala u-Cai Lun ukuthi enze "iphepha le-Caihou" elishibhile ngesisekelo sokufingqa isipiliyoni sabanduleli, kanye nephepha njengengqophamlando entsha yokupakisha. esiteji somlando.Ngemva kwalokho, ngemva kokuvela kokunyathelisa kwe-woodblock eNkathini YaseTang, iphepha laphinde lathuthukiswa njengokupakishwa, futhi izikhangiso ezilula, amaphethini nezimpawu zaqala ukunyatheliswa ephepheni lokupakisha lempahla.Amabhokisi avame kakhulu emphakathini wanamuhla avela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19.I-United States, iBrithani, iFrance namanye amazwe aseqalile ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amabhokisi.Kwaze kwaba cishe ngo-1850 lapho othile e-United States esungula amabhokisi agoqayo kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza., okwenza iphepha libe yimpahla eluhlaza ebalulekile embonini yokupakisha.
Ngokuthuthuka kwezikhathi nomphakathi, isidingo sephepha njengento yokupakisha siyanda.Ngokwezibalo zokukhishwa kwemboni yamaphepha emhlabeni wonke ngo-2000, iphepha lokupakisha nekhadibhodi kwabalelwa ku-57.2% wesamba semikhiqizo yephepha.Ngokwezibalo ze-China Paper Association, ngo-2000, 2001 kanye no-2002, ukusetshenziswa kwephepha lokupakisha kanye namakhadibhodi ezweni lami kwaba ku-56.9%, 57.6% kanye no-56% wesamba semikhiqizo yephepha ngokulandelanayo, okufana nokujwayelekile. umkhuba wezwe.Imininingwane engenhla ikhombisa ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angama-60 okukhiqizwa kwephepha okwenziwa minyaka yonke emhlabeni wonke asetshenziswa njengokupakisha.Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwephepha akusesona isithwali solwazi ngomqondo wendabuko, kodwa njengento yokupakisha.
Ukupakishwa komkhiqizo wephepha kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zokupakisha, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekufakweni kokudla, imithi, imboni yamakhemikhali, izinto zokwakha, izinto zikagesi zasendlini, amathoyizi, i-electromechanical, imikhiqizo ye-IT, izindwangu, izitsha zobumba, imisebenzi yezandla, ukukhangisa, imboni yezempi nokunye okuningi. eminye imikhiqizo.thatha isikhundla esibalulekile ku
Ngekhulu lama-21, iphepha seliyinto ebaluleke kakhulu embonini yokupakisha.Phakathi kwezinto ezihlukahlukene zokupakisha ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke, iphepha nebhodi lephepha kubalwe isilinganiso esiphezulu, okubalelwa ku-35.6% yenani eliphelele lokukhipha.Ezweni lami, njengento ebalulekile embonini yokupakisha, ngaphambi kuka-1995, izinto zokupakisha zomkhiqizo wephepha zaziyizinto zokupakisha zesibili ngobukhulu ngemuva kokufakwa kwepulasitiki.Kusukela ngo-1995, inani eliphumayo lokupakishwa komkhiqizo wephepha liye lenyuka kancane kancane, ladlula ipulasitiki, futhi laba yimpahla yokupakisha enkulu kunazo zonke ezweni lami.Ngo-2004, ukusetshenziswa kwamaphepha okupakisha ezweni lami kwafinyelela kumathani ayizigidi eziyi-13.2, okubalelwa ku-50.6% wesamba esiphelele, esidlula isamba sengilazi, insimbi kanye nezinto zokupakisha zepulasitiki.
Isizathu sokuthi kungani izinto zokupakisha zomkhiqizo wephepha wendabuko ziphinde zathola isivinini sokuthuthuka ngokushesha eminyakeni embalwa futhi zaba izinto ezinkulu zokupakisha ngokwengxenye kungenxa yokuguquguquka okuhle kakhulu kwemikhiqizo yokupakisha ngokwazo, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, izindaba zokuvikela imvelo.Ngenxa yokuvinjelwa kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki kanye nokudonsa kwemakethe yabathengi ngemikhiqizo ehambisana nemvelo, izinto zephepha ziyizinto ezihlangabezana kangcono nezidingo "zokupakisha okuluhlaza".
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-01-2023